地熱是一種前景廣闊的多功能再生能源，在發電、供暖和製冷方面擁有巨大的未開發潛力。100 多年來，地熱一直是能源系統的一部分，但在全球範圍內發揮的作用有限；現在，地熱產業正處於關鍵時刻，新技術使人們能夠獲得以前未開發的資源，而成本的降低和創新的協同模式可為地熱在全球能源系統的崛起奠定基礎。此外，石油和天然氣產業開發的技術，包括對地下的深刻理解、鑽井和完井、預測流體流動和管理大型專案等，亦可以迅速降低地熱的開發成本，並幫助開發地下更深處的地熱資源。然而，要成功擴大地熱能源的發展規模，仍需要解決包括專案開發風險、許可流程、環境問題和社會接受度等諸多挑戰。
　　本文首先概述地熱能源與地熱發電技術的進展情勢，並探討有助於降低風險、加速創新及提高傳統和下一代地熱專案的可行性，從而實現更廣泛地熱利用的措施；其次，從全球多地地熱發展的作業和技術，與許多上游石油和天然氣專案類比，剖析油氣與地熱產業的協同作用；接著探討全球地熱能源的開展現況，並對地熱發電裝機容量及地熱投資作扼要說明；最後，研析臺灣地熱的現況及未來發展。臺灣因獨特地理位置的天然優勢，深具地熱能源發展潛力，惟臺灣在2024 年地熱發電的裝置容量僅7.5MW，明顯還有一大段可努力的空間，若能有政府的引導來輔助地熱發展，相信未來臺灣的地熱發電仍是可以期待的！
　　Geothermal energy is a promising and versatile renewable energy source with huge untapped potential for power generation, heating and cooling. Geothermal has been part of the energy system for more than 100 years but has played a limited role globally； now, the geothermal industry is at a critical juncture where new technologies are enabling access to previously untapped resources, while cost reductions and innovative synergy models could lay the foundation for geothermal’s rise in the global energy system. In addition, technologies developed by the oil and gas industry, including a deep understanding of the subsurface, drilling and completion of wells, predicting fluid flow and managing large projects, can also rapidly reduce geothermal development costs and help develop geothermal resources deeper underground. However, to successfully scale up geothermal energy development, many challenges still need to be addressed, including project development risks, permitting processes, environmental issues and social acceptance.
　　This article first provides an overview of the progress of geothermal energy and geothermal power generation technology, and explores measures that can help reduce risks, accelerate innovation, and improve the feasibility of traditional and next-generation geothermal projects, thereby achieving wider geothermal utilization. Secondly, the operations and technologies of geothermal development in many parts of the world are compared with many upstream oil and gas projects to analyze the synergy between the oil and gas and geothermal industries. Then, the current status of global geothermal energy development is discussed, and a brief description of geothermal power generation installed capacity and geothermal investment is given. Finally, the current status and future development of geothermal in Taiwan are analyzed. Taiwan has great potential for geothermal energy development due to its natural advantages in its unique geographical location. However, Taiwan's installed capacity for geothermal power generation in 2024 is only 7.5MW, and there is obviously still a lot of room for improvement. If there is government guidance to assist geothermal development, I believe that Taiwan's geothermal power generation in the future is still worth looking forward to!

　　本研究藉由混溶氣驅機制、混溶壓力試驗(包含氣泡上升試驗、毛細管試驗)、毛細管及機理模型模擬來驗證Z 油田利用回注伴產氣混溶氣驅生產原油生產方法之效益，最後以北海Smorbukk South 油田開發案例與之對比，評估該開發方案預期發展與需要克服問題。
　　以 Z 油田X 產層為例，顯示最小混溶壓力(MMP)在2,500~3,150 psig 間。凝析氣( LPG)回注之MMP 比注入汽化氣還低，代表有更大壓力操作空間(>2,000 psi)。初步顯示Z 油田具有LPG 回注藉由壓力維持及混溶操作條件。其中，藉由混溶沖排機理模型研究有/無混相之注入氣體之沖排行為及採收效益評估，透過機理研究顯示混相增產之重點設計在於注產比例及注產井距。即在合理之注產比與井位和井型設計下，使油層1.壓力維持在較低脫氣狀態；2.壓力持續維持在最小混相壓力上；3.延長注入氣突破時間。
　　最後，以挪威外海 Smorbukk South 油田與Z 油田對比案例，兩者儲層性質相近，而Smorbukk South 回注氣體的輕成分(C1)較多，Z 油田則是回注LPG 成分為主，Z 油田混溶氣驅操作壓力區間優於Smorbukk South 油田，但Z 油田注入井與生產井間距(1~2 公里)短，預期導致Z 油田氣體突破較早，液體產量下降幅度更大，建議可採用精準注氣控制等分層注氣方法來減少注入氣體在高滲透率層過早突破，並配合地質模型滾動式更新注氣操作預測，期達到採收油氣預期目標。
　　This study involves verifying the benefits by using reinjected associated gas through miscible pressure testing, slim tube experiments, and reservoir simulations. The Smorbukk South oil field in North Sea case is used for the comparison to assess the potential and challenges of miscible flooding.
　　In the Z oil field's X reservoir, the Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP) is between 2,500 and 3,150 psig. MMP for reinjected LPG is lower than dry gas and it indicates a greater operational pressure window (>2,000 psi). Initial results show that LPG reinjection is beneficial for pressure maintenance and miscible conditions. Key factors for enhanced oil production include the injection-production ratio and well spacing, which help to lower reservoir pressure and keep reservoir pressure above the minimum miscibility pressure and decrease gas breakthrough time.
　　Comparing the Z oil field with Norway's Smorbukk South, both fields have similar reservoir characteristics. However, Smorbukk South uses more light components (C1) in reinjected gas, while the Z oil field primarily uses LPG. The Z oil field has a better pressure range for miscible gas flooding but faces challenges due to shorter well spacing (1-2 km). It potentially leads to earlier gas breakthrough and more significant decline in liquid production. It is recommended that layered gas injection methods such as precise gas injection control be used to reduce the breakthrough of injected gas in high-permeability layers, and the gas injection operation predictions should be updated on a rolling basis with the geological model to achieve the expected goal of oil and gas recovery.

　　煉油廠汽提酸水平均7,000 噸/日，目前回收4,000 噸/日，過剩3,000 噸/日排放，擬全回收汽提酸水作為冷卻水塔補充水。試驗模擬污泥處理汽提酸水4,000、7,500 及9,000噸/日，污泥負荷增加，廢水氨氮處理效率降低。應用次世代定序(NGS, Next GenerationSequencing )分析污泥微生物基因，建立物訊息資料庫，解析新陳代謝路徑。將不同負荷的污泥萃取核酸，分析序列區分物種，輔以生物統計分析，建構污泥分解廢水中碳氫、氮化物的菌種資訊及功能性。當污泥處理水量增至7,500 噸/日，優勢菌群仍接近核心菌株群聚，氨氮分解相關的氨氧化菌及脫氮菌仍存在系統，若微生物好氧硝化能力減弱，可調整曝氣槽溶氧操作，維持優勢菌種相近處理效能。
　　Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) analyzes sludge microbial genes, establishes a biological information database, analyzes metabolic pathways, and improves the efficiency of sludge in decomposing wastewater organic matter. The application case is that the average stripping acid level of the refinery is 7,000 tons/day. Currently, 4,000 tons/day is recovered, and the excess is 3,000 tons/day. It is planned to fully recover the stripping acid water as supplementary water for the cooling water tower. The test simulated sludge treatment at 4,000, 7,500 and 9,000 tons/day of stripping acid water. The sludge load increased and the wastewater ammonia nitrogen treatment efficiency decreased. Nucleic acids are extracted from sludge with different loads, and NGS analysis sequences are used to distinguish species. This is supplemented by bio-statistical analysis to construct bacterial strain information and functionality of sludge decomposing hydrocarbons and nitrogen compounds in wastewater. When the sludge treatment water volume increases to 7,500 tons/day, its dominant bacterial flora is still close to the core bacterial cluster. In addition, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and denitrifying bacteria related to ammonia nitrogen decomposition are still present in the system. It is estimated that the recycled water can be increased by 3,000 tons/day target for the day. The sludge treatment water volume is increased to 9,000 tons/day. If the aerobic nitrification ability of microorganisms in the sludge weakens, the dissolved oxygen  peration of the aeration tank can be adjusted to maintain similar treatment efficiency to the dominant bacterial species. Benefits: Increased recycling of wastewater by 3,000 tons/day, 3,000 tons/day*333 days/year*11.5  yuan/ton=11,488 (thousand yuan)/year.

　　重油流體化觸媒裂解裝置（RFCC）是藉由媒裂觸媒將重質進料油裂解為輕質產品，產品包括C3C4LPG、丙烯、汽油、輕循環油(Light Cycle Oil，LCO)、塔底油(Clarified Fractionator bottom，CFB)、燃料氣和焦碳，為煉油廠中主要的汽油生產工場。由於全球重油加工原料重質化及劣質化，再加上加工的原油種類眾多，因此RFCC 工場進料的鐵含量變化大，要特別留意鐵中毒造成的危害，避免影響轉化率與觸媒流動性。本研究目標為探討再生器操作模式與觸媒鐵中毒的關聯性，透過XRF、SEM、ABD、N2 adsorption 等分析方法比較兩座商業化媒裂工場的平衡觸媒(ECAT)樣品。本論文先說明再生器的操作模式與媒裂觸媒鐵中毒的機制，接下來分析不同再生器燃燒模式下樣品，證明觸媒在完全燃燒模式下的鐵中毒忍受度比部分燃燒模式低，並且提出操作調整方向，改善觸媒鐵中毒造成的轉化率降低與觸媒流動問題。
　　The Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking (RFCC) unit is a crucial conversion process in petroleum refineries. It utilizes cracking catalyst to break down heavy feedstock oil into lighter, more valuable products. These products include C3C4 LPG, propylene, gasoline, Light Cycle Oil, Clarified Fractionator bottom, fuel gas, and coke. The RFCC unit is a primary facility for gasoline production in refineries. Due to the global trend of heavier and lower quality feedstocks in heavy oil processing and the wide variety of crude oils being processed, the iron content in the feedstock for RFCC unit fluctuates significantly. It is crucial to be vigilant about the risks posed by iron poisoning, as it can impact conversion and catalyst fluidity. The objective of this study is to explore the correlation between regenerator operating modes and catalyst iron poisoning. Through analytical methods such as XRF, SEM, ABD, and N2 adsorption, we compare equilibrium catalyst (ECAT) samples from two RFCC units. This paper first explains the mechanism of iron poisoning in RFCC catalysts. Next, we analyze samples under different regeneration modes to demonstrate that the tolerance to iron poisoning in the catalyst is lower under complete regeneration mode compared to partial regeneration mode. Finally, we propose operational adjustments to improve the reduced conversion and catalyst flow caused by iron poisoning.

　　鋰鎳錳氧(LNMO)具有高能量密度、低成本和優異的倍率表現等，被視為次世代鋰離子電池正極材料熱門選項。然而其約 4.7V 的高電位卻導致正極活性材料和有機電解液之間副反應的加速發生，這包括了電解液的分解、HF 攻擊、過渡金屬的融解，最終導致電化學性能下降和循環穩定性變差。在本文中，我們採用溶膠-凝膠法製備Li3InCl6 包覆的LNMO(LIC@LNMO)來解決LNMO 的上述問題。透過鹵化物固態電解質塗層包覆的LNMO，此複合材料可有效防止LNMO 與電解質之間的直接接觸，同時保持良好的離子導電率和循環穩定性。本研究欲以表面改質之方法避免高電壓LNMO 與電解液直接接觸之影響，並以相同製備方法的常見氧化物如LiNbO₃ (LNO)和Li₄SiO₄ (LSO)與Li₃InCl₆ (LIC)進行比較。這三種塗層的比較和分析將有助於確定未來高壓正極材料的最佳塗層。
　　The Lithium Nickel Manganese Oxide (LNMO) is an attractive cathode candidate for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries due to its high energy density, low cost, and excellent rate performance. However, its high potential of around 4.7V increases the occurrence of unwanted side reactions between the active cathode material and the organic electrolytes. These side reactions include electrolyte decomposition, HF attack, and transition metal ion dissolution, leading to decreased electrochemical performance and poor cycle stability. In this study, we utilized a sol-gel method to fabricate Li3InCl6-coated LNMO (LIC@LNMO) to address the aforementioned issues of LNMO. By employing coated LNMO with a halide solid electrolyte protective layer, these composites effectively prevent direct contact between LNMO and the electrolyte while maintaining good ionic conductivity and cycle stability. The aim of this study is to use surface modification methods to mitigate the impact of direct contact between high-voltage LNMO and the electrolyte. Common oxide materials like LiNbO₃  (LNO) and Li₄SiO₄ (LSO) prepared using the same method will also be used for comparison with Li₃ InCl₆ (LIC). The comparison and analysis of these three coating layers will help determine the optimal coating for high-voltage cathode materials in the future. 

　　全球減碳已成難以避免的趨勢，航空業碳排佔比雖不高，但為達到淨零碳排之目標，國際組織包括國際民航組織(ICAO)、國際航空運輸協會(IATA)及歐盟等皆針對航空業碳排提出因應措施，而永續航空燃油(SAF)更被視為航空業減碳的關鍵工具。目前，ASTM 已核准多種SAF 製程，包括HEFA、FT、ATJ 製程等，這些製程使用不同永續原料，如廢食用油、植物油、農業殘留物等生產烷烴類航空燃油。此外，低碳航空燃油(LCAF)是以化石燃料為基礎，透過不同技術降低航空燃油的碳排放量。SAF 最低使用比例的規定將於2025 年在歐盟區域正式啟動，同時透過提高SAF 使用來達成航空業減碳的趨勢也自歐美逐漸漫延到中東及亞洲區域，近來許多航空燃油供應商陸續取得永續性認證並規劃SAF 或是LCAF 的產能建置。隨著各國政府或是航空公司陸續訂定SAF 使用目標並推動SAF 試行計畫，台灣航空業方面，包括民航局、航空公司、航空燃油供應商也都陸續針對SAF 採取因應措施。
　　本報告旨在介紹SAF 時至今日的技術發展及全球推動現況，並借鏡他人的推動政策及蒐集市場資訊，期能提供台灣SAF 政策制定及供應鏈參與者一份較完整的SAF 藍圖。
　　Reducing carbon emissions has become a global imperative. Although the aviation industry’s contribution to overall carbon emissions is relatively small, international organizations such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Air Transport Association (IATA), and the European Union have proposed measures to reduce aviation-related carbon emissions in pursuit of net-zero goals. Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) is considered a crucial tool for lowering carbon emissions. Currently, ASTM has approved various SAF production processes, including HEFA, FT, and ATJ, which utilize different sustainable feedstocks such as used cooking oil, plant oils, and agricultural residues to produce hydrocarbon-based aviation fuels. Additionally, Low Carbon Aviation Fuel (LCAF), which is derived from fossil fuels, utilizes various technologies to reduce carbon emissions.
　　Regulations mandating a minimum SAF usage percentage are set to take effect in the EU in 2025. The trend of increasing SAF usage in aviation is also spreading from Europe and North America to the Middle East and Asia. Recently, many aviation fuel suppliers have obtained sustainability certifications and are planning to develop SAF or LCAF production capacities. As various governments and airlines set SAF targets and promote SAF trial programs, Taiwan’s aviation sector, including the Civil Aviation Administration, airlines, and aviation fuel suppliers, are also taking proactive measures regarding SAF.
　　This report aims to provide an overview of the current developments and market conditions of SAF. By examining policies from other regions and gathering market information, the report seeks to offer a comprehensive SAF blueprints to support the development of SAF policies and supply chains in Taiwan.